History’s famous feasts

 1. The Banquet of Ashurnasirpal II: The Assyrian king held a grand feast in the 9th century BCE, where he served exotic meats and drinks to his guests. The banquet was mentioned in inscriptions and reliefs at his palace in Nimrud, Mesopotamia, and is considered one of the first recorded feasts in history.

2. The Imperial Banquets of China: Emperors of the Ming and Qing Dynasties held lavish feasts that included hundreds of dishes, and were a display of their wealth and power. One famous feast was the Kangxi Emperor's Birthday Banquet in 1713, where he served over 300 dishes to his guests. seen below is a famille verte birthday dish

3. The Feast of Trimalchio: This feast was described in the novel "Satyricon" by Roman author Petronius, and depicted a Roman freedman throwing an extravagant feast to showcase his newfound wealth. The feast included exotic foods, entertainment, and ostentatious displays of luxury.

4. The Feast of Dionysus: The ancient Greeks celebrated the god of wine and revelry with a feast known as the Dionysia, which included music, dance, and theatrical performances. The feasts were held annually and were a major cultural event in Athens.

5. The Banquets of the Court of Versailles: The French court held lavish feasts in the 17th and 18th centuries, under the reigns of Louis XIV, XV, and XVI. The feasts were elaborate affairs that included multiple courses, fine wines, and intricate table settings. Some of the most famous feasts included the Royal Feast of 1745 and the Diamond Jubilee Feast of 1770.

The diet of Māori warriors

 The Māori warrior diet was rich in natural, whole foods such as seafood, kumara (sweet potato), fern root, and wild game. These foods provided a well-rounded mix of essential nutrients and energy sources needed to support the physical demands of warrior life.

Seafood, in particular, was a staple in the Māori warrior diet and provided a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids, protein, and minerals such as iodine and iron. These nutrients are essential for maintaining muscle strength and endurance, as well as supporting cardiovascular health.

Fern root, another staple in the Māori warrior diet, was high in carbohydrates and provided a slow-release source of energy that helped sustain warriors during long battles and hunts.

Wild game was also a significant part of the Māori warrior diet and provided a rich source of protein and micronutrients such as iron and zinc. Protein is essential for building and repairing muscle tissue, which is vital for maintaining strength and endurance during battles.

Overall, the Māori warrior diet was well-balanced and provided the necessary nutrients to support physical strength and endurance during battles.

Average height in history and why we have grown

 The general reason for the increase of human height is improved nutrition and healthcare. Over the years, access to proper nutrition and healthcare has improved, allowing individuals to reach their full genetic potential for height. Additionally, advancements in technology and infrastructure have made it easier to transport food and medicine to various areas around the world, further improving overall health and contributing to the increase in height.

Average height has varied throughout history. 

During ancient times, such as the time of the Egyptian pharaohs and the Greek and Roman empires, average height was thought to have been around 5 feet (152 cm) for men and 4'9" (145 cm) for women. This was due to limited access to adequate nutrition and healthcare.

During the medieval times, the average height dropped to about 5'5" (165 cm) for men and 5' (152 cm) for women. This was due to factors such as frequent wars, famines, and an overall lack of access to proper nutrition.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, with the advent of the Industrial Revolution and improved living conditions, the average height started to increase. By the early 20th century, the average height for men in the United States was around 5'9" (175 cm), and for women, it was around 5'4" (162 cm).

Today, due to improved nutrition, healthcare, and living conditions, the average height for men in the United States is around 5'10" (178 cm), and for women, it is around 5'4" (163 cm). However, there are still significant variations in height between different regions and populations worldwide.

Roman war dogs

 Roman war dogs, or canes bellatores in Latin, were trained dogs used in military campaigns by the ancient Roman army. These dogs were typically large and fierce breeds such as mastiffs, molossus, and greyhounds. They were trained to fight as well as perform tasks such as guarding the camp, tracking enemies, and carrying messages.

The Roman army used war dogs for centuries, beginning as early as the 4th century BCE during the Samnite Wars. War dogs were also used extensively during the Punic Wars against Carthage and in later campaigns.

The dogs were trained by specialized handlers known as corymbiferi, who trained the dogs in combat techniques and obedience. They were often issued ornate armor and collars with spikes to protect them in battle. The war dogs were also deployed in organized formations and used to attack enemy formations, causing panic and confusion among the enemy troops.

Roman war dogs were so fearsome that their mere presence on the battlefield was often enough to intimidate the enemy. Their use in battle continued until the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century CE.

Adderall use worldwide

 Adderall is a prescription medication commonly used worldwide to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. The active ingredients in Adderall are dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, which work by increasing dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain, leading to improved focus and attention.

While Adderall is considered safe when used under medical supervision, its misuse has become a serious concern worldwide. Some people use Adderall without a prescription to improve academic or work performance, lose weight, or simply to get high. This non-prescribed use of Adderall can lead to addiction, heart problems, and other health complications.

Unfortunately, Adderall misuse is a growing problem globally, particularly among young adults and college students. This has led to increased efforts to monitor and control prescription drugs, ensuring they are being used in accordance with the law and medical guidelines. Education and public awareness campaigns have also been developed to address the risks associated with Adderall misuse and to encourage responsible use.

Overall, while Adderall is a valuable medication for treating ADHD and narcolepsy, it is vital that it is used only as directed by a medical professional. By respecting its intended use and avoiding misuse, individuals can achieve its therapeutic benefits while avoiding the potential for addiction and other health problems.

Amphetamines in Germany (1930 - 1950)

 During the 1930s to 1950s in Germany, amphetamines were widely used for various purposes. Initially, amphetamines were prescribed by doctors to treat asthma and other respiratory problems. However, their usage soon expanded beyond medical reasons and became popular among the general population. Amphetamines were used to increase productivity, combat fatigue, and improve mental alertness.

During World War II, amphetamines were extensively used by the military to boost soldiers' endurance and performance. The widespread use of amphetamines during this time was driven by the Nazi regime, which promoted their use as a way to enhance the capabilities of the German military and workforce.

However, the negative effects of amphetamines soon became apparent. Long-term use of amphetamines was associated with addiction, psychosis, and other serious health problems. There were also reports of amphetamine abuse and addiction among civilians, including students and athletes.

In the post-war period, the use of amphetamines began to decline due to growing awareness of their harmful effects. In 1961, amphetamines were included in the 1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs as a controlled substance.

In conclusion, the use of amphetamines in Germany during the 1930s to 1950s was widespread and driven by military and societal pressures. However, the negative effects of amphetamine use led to a decline in their usage in the post-war period. Today, the use of amphetamines is regulated and controlled due to their potential for abuse and addiction.

Drugs in ancient India

 Ancient India had a rich history of medicinal practices, and the use of drugs played a significant role in their healthcare system. The ancient Indian medical system is known as Ayurveda, which dates back thousands of years and is still practiced today.

Ayurveda utilized various substances, including plants, minerals, and animal products, for therapeutic purposes. These substances were often prepared in different forms such as powders, decoctions, oils, and pastes. They were administered orally, topically, or as part of other treatment methods.

Here are some examples of drugs and substances commonly used in ancient Indian medicine:

1. Herbal Drugs: Ayurveda extensively employed medicinal herbs for their healing properties. These included plants like neem, turmeric, ashwagandha, amla, brahmi, ginger, and many others. These herbs were used for various ailments and health conditions.

2. Mineral Drugs: Certain minerals and metals were used in Ayurvedic preparations. For instance, substances like gold, silver, iron, sulfur, and lead were processed and used in specific formulations. They were believed to have therapeutic effects on the body.

3. Animal Products: Ayurvedic medicine also incorporated various animal products. Examples include ghee (clarified butter), honey, cow's milk, bones, and different animal-derived oils. These substances were utilized in specific formulations for their medicinal properties.

4. Ayurvedic Formulations: Ancient Indian medicine relied on complex formulations combining multiple ingredients. These formulations, known as churnas, avalehas, ghritas, and tailas, were prepared using specific methods to enhance their effectiveness and minimize any potential side effects.

It's important to note that while Ayurveda has a long-standing tradition and is still practiced in some parts of the world, the efficacy and safety of ancient Ayurvedic remedies vary. Some traditional practices may not align with modern scientific understanding, and it's essential to consult with qualified healthcare professionals for appropriate medical advice and treatment.

Polyamory in history

 Polyamory is not a recent phenomenon; it has historical roots and can be traced back to various cultures and periods throughout history. While the term "polyamory" itself is relatively new, the concept of multiple intimate relationships or non-monogamous arrangements has existed for centuries.

Examples of non-monogamous relationships can be found in ancient civilizations such as ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and ancient Greece. In many of these societies, polygamy (having multiple spouses) or polygyny (having multiple wives) was practiced, often for reasons related to social status, wealth, or religious beliefs.

In some indigenous cultures around the world, such as certain Native American tribes, polyamorous relationships or multiple partnerships were also part of their traditional practices. These relationships were often based on mutual consent, respect, and communal living arrangements.

The modern concept of polyamory as it is understood today emerged in the latter half of the 20th century and gained more visibility and acceptance in recent years. It emphasizes ethical and consensual non-monogamy, where individuals engage in multiple loving and intimate relationships simultaneously, with the knowledge and consent of all involved parties.

While polyamory is not the dominant relationship model in most societies and cultures, it continues to gain recognition and acceptance as people challenge traditional notions of monogamy and explore alternative relationship structures that suit their needs and desires. It is important to note that the practice of polyamory can vary widely from one person or group to another, and individuals involved in polyamorous relationships may have different agreements, boundaries, and expectations.

Spartan warrior diet

 The Spartan warriors of ancient Greece were known for their physical prowess and military discipline. Their diet played a crucial role in maintaining their strength and stamina. While the specific details of their diet may vary, as historical records are limited, here are some general characteristics of the Spartan warrior diet:

1. Emphasis on simplicity: Spartan warriors followed a simple and frugal diet. They believed that excessive indulgence in food could lead to physical and mental weakness, so they aimed for moderation and discipline.

2. Limited food variety: Spartan warriors primarily consumed foods that were readily available in their region. These typically included grains like barley, wheat, and oats, as well as legumes like lentils and beans. Fruits, vegetables, and dairy products were also included in their diet.

3. Black broth: One notable aspect of the Spartan warrior diet was a broth called "melas zomos" or "black soup." It was made from boiled pigs' legs, blood, salt, and vinegar. This broth was known for its high iron content and was considered a staple food for the warriors.

4. Minimal meat consumption: Spartan warriors did not consume meat on a regular basis. Meat was usually reserved for special occasions and religious festivals. However, they did consume some animal products like cheese, milk, and honey.

5. Regular fasting: Spartan warriors often practiced intermittent fasting, which involved alternating periods of eating and fasting. This helped in developing discipline and self-control.

6. Controlled portion sizes: Portion sizes were regulated to ensure that the warriors consumed only what was necessary for sustenance. Overeating was discouraged, as it was believed to undermine their physical fitness and combat readiness.

It's important to note that historical information about the Spartan warrior diet is limited, and there may be variations or additional details that are not fully known. Nonetheless, these general guidelines provide insights into the Spartan warriors' approach to nutrition and their focus on simplicity and discipline.

Foot binding in China

 Chinese foot binding was a practice that existed in China for many centuries, particularly from the 10th century until the early 20th century. It involved the binding of young girls' feet with tight bandages to modify the shape and size of their feet. The tradition was primarily prevalent among the Han Chinese ethnic group, particularly in wealthy families.

The process of foot binding typically began when girls were between the ages of four and six. It involved tightly wrapping the feet with cloth strips, forcing the toes downward and folding the arch of the foot. The bandages were regularly tightened, causing the feet to gradually break and deform over time. The desired result was an idealized foot size of about three inches, known as the "golden lotus."

Foot binding was practiced for several reasons. One was the belief that small, delicate feet were a mark of beauty and femininity. Women with bound feet were considered more attractive and had a higher chance of finding a suitable husband from a wealthy family. Additionally, foot binding was seen as a symbol of social status and wealth since it indicated that a girl did not have to engage in manual labor.

However, foot binding had severe physical consequences for the women who underwent the practice. It caused intense pain and suffering, as well as lifelong disabilities. The tightly bound feet often became infected and resulted in foot deformities and walking difficulties. Women with bound feet had to rely on others for support and were limited in their mobility.

In the early 20th century, as China underwent social and political changes, foot binding gradually declined. Efforts by reformers, social activists, and the government to eradicate the practice led to its eventual abolition. The practice is now widely recognized as a form of gender-based oppression and cruelty.

It's important to note that foot binding was a historical practice and is no longer prevalent in modern-day China. The information provided here reflects historical knowledge up until 2021, and there may have been further research and insights into foot binding since then.

Ancient Mongolian diet

 The ancient Mongolian diet was primarily based on the lifestyle of the nomadic pastoralists who inhabited the region. Their diet consisted of foods that were readily available in the grassland and steppe environments of Mongolia. Here are some key aspects of the ancient Mongolian diet:

1. Meat: As nomadic herders, the Mongolians relied heavily on animal products, particularly meat. They consumed various types of meat, including horse, mutton (from sheep), beef (from cattle), and occasionally camel and goat. Meat provided essential nutrients and was a crucial source of energy for the nomads.

2. Dairy Products: Milk and dairy products played a significant role in the Mongolian diet. The nomads milked their livestock, primarily mares (for horse milk) and sheep, to obtain milk, which was consumed fresh or processed into other dairy products such as yogurt, cheese (like aaruul), and various types of fermented milk products.

3. Animal Fat: Animal fat, especially from sheep and cattle, was highly valued by the Mongolians. It provided a concentrated source of calories and was an important part of their diet, particularly during harsh winters when plant-based foods were scarce.

4. Grains and Legumes: Although the nomads did not cultivate crops extensively due to their mobile lifestyle, they traded with settled agricultural communities for grains and legumes. Millet, wheat, and barley were among the grains consumed by the Mongolians. These crops were often transformed into flour, which was used to make flatbreads, noodles, and porridge.

5. Fruits and Vegetables: Due to the arid nature of the Mongolian landscape, the availability of fruits and vegetables was limited. However, the Mongolians did consume wild berries, edible plants, and certain root vegetables like onions, garlic, and turnips. They also traded for fruits and vegetables from neighboring regions.

6. Airag (Fermented Horse Milk): Airag is a traditional Mongolian beverage made from fermented horse milk. It holds cultural and ceremonial importance and is consumed by Mongolians. The fermentation process converts the lactose in horse milk into lactic acid, making it easier to digest and providing a refreshing, tangy taste.

7. Tea and Soups: The Mongolians enjoyed drinking tea, particularly brick tea, which was a form of compressed tea leaves. Soups were also a common part of their diet, often made with meat, bones, and vegetables. These soups were not only nourishing but also helped to conserve food by utilizing all parts of the animal.

It's important to note that the ancient Mongolian diet varied depending on the season, availability of resources, and the specific nomadic group. Additionally, the modern Mongolian diet has evolved over time and has been influenced by other cultures and global food trends.

Training of Spartan warriors

 The training of Spartan warriors, known as the agoge, was a rigorous and demanding process that began in early childhood and continued until adulthood. The goal of this training was to create a formidable and disciplined army of soldiers who would become the backbone of the Spartan military.

Here are some key aspects of the training of Spartan warriors:

1. Birth and Inspection: At birth, Spartan infants underwent a rigorous inspection by the state to ensure they were healthy and fit. Weak or deformed infants were often abandoned.

2. Childhood: At the age of seven, Spartan boys left their homes and entered a communal barracks known as the agoge. Here, they were placed under the care of experienced warriors and underwent strict discipline and physical training. They were taught basic skills such as reading, writing, and music, but the emphasis was primarily on physical fitness, endurance, and combat training.

3. Physical Training: Spartan boys engaged in various physical activities to develop strength, agility, and endurance. These activities included running, wrestling, boxing, and various forms of gymnastics. They were often trained without shoes to toughen their feet.

4. Combat Training: Spartan boys were taught the art of warfare from a young age. They learned how to handle weapons, including spears, swords, and shields, and were trained in various battle formations and tactics. They practiced mock battles and underwent rigorous physical conditioning to prepare for actual combat.

5. Spartan Discipline: Discipline was a central aspect of Spartan training. Boys were taught to endure pain, hardship, and physical discomfort without complaint. They were subjected to harsh living conditions, limited food, and were encouraged to steal to supplement their meager rations, but if caught, they were punished severely.

6. Education: Spartan boys received a basic education that focused on practical skills rather than academic knowledge. They learned to read and write, but the emphasis was on military training, physical fitness, and cultivating virtues like courage and obedience.

7. Mess System: Spartan warriors lived in communal messes where they ate their meals. These messes reinforced the camaraderie among the soldiers and encouraged the sharing of food and resources.

8. Military Service: At the age of 20, Spartan men became full-time soldiers and entered active military service. They would continue to serve in the Spartan army until the age of 60.

The training of Spartan warriors was designed to produce physically and mentally tough soldiers who could withstand the rigors of battle. The discipline, endurance, and combat skills instilled in them made the Spartan army one of the most feared and respected military forces of ancient Greece.

Luxury of Persian rulers

 The Persian rulers, particularly the ancient Persian empires such as the Achaemenid Empire (550-330 BCE), were known for their opulent and luxurious lifestyles. They amassed vast wealth through conquest and trade, allowing them to indulge in extravagant displays of power and wealth. Here are some aspects of luxury associated with Persian rulers:

1. Royal Palaces: Persian rulers built magnificent palaces as symbols of their wealth and power. One of the most famous palaces is Persepolis, constructed by King Darius the Great. It featured grand halls, lavish courtyards, and intricate architectural details.

2. Gardens: Persian rulers were fond of lush and beautiful gardens. These gardens, known as "paradises," were designed to showcase the rulers' wealth and luxury. The gardens featured intricate water systems, exotic plants, and stunning landscapes. The most famous example is the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, although they are often associated with the Babylonian Empire rather than the Persian rulers.

3. Precious Materials: Persian rulers adorned themselves and their palaces with precious materials. They used gold, silver, and precious stones extensively in their jewelry, crowns, and thrones. These materials were also used to embellish palaces and temples, creating a dazzling display of wealth.

4. Fine Clothing and Fabrics: Persian rulers wore luxurious clothing made from fine fabrics such as silk, satin, and brocade. Their garments were often embellished with gold and gemstones. The clothing was not only a symbol of luxury but also a reflection of their power and status.

5. Banquets and Feasts: Persian rulers hosted extravagant banquets and feasts to showcase their wealth and hospitality. These lavish gatherings included elaborate meals, exotic delicacies, and entertainment such as music, dance, and performances by skilled artists.

6. Imperial Treasures: Persian rulers amassed vast treasuries filled with precious artifacts, including rare artworks, intricate carvings, and valuable artifacts from conquered lands. These treasures were displayed in palaces and used to demonstrate the rulers' power and influence.

7. Luxurious Lifestyle: Persian rulers enjoyed a luxurious lifestyle with servants, concubines, and a vast entourage. They had access to the finest amenities, including luxurious baths, skilled masseuses, and personal physicians. Their daily lives were filled with comfort and extravagance.

It's important to note that the degree of luxury and opulence varied among different Persian rulers and empires throughout history. The examples provided here mainly focus on the ancient Persian empires, but luxury continued to be a defining feature of Persian courts in later periods as well.

Using dogs in war

 The use of dogs in war dates back thousands of years and has been employed by various civilizations and military forces throughout history. Dogs have served in a variety of roles, from companions and mascots to messengers, sentries, and even combatants. Here's a brief overview of the history of using dogs in war:

Ancient and Medieval Periods:

• Ancient Egyptians and Greeks: Dogs were employed as sentries and guards in ancient Egypt and Greece. They were also used for hunting purposes and as companions to soldiers.
• Persians and Assyrians: The Persians and Assyrians trained large war dogs, often outfitted with spiked collars, to attack enemies and disrupt enemy formations.
• Romans: The Romans used dogs in warfare for similar purposes, particularly in the defense of camps and to counter enemy cavalry.
• Middle Ages: During the Middle Ages, dogs were utilized as guardians of castles and fortifications, as well as for hunting and tracking purposes during military campaigns.

World War I and World War II:

• Messenger Dogs: In World War I, messenger dogs played a crucial role in delivering messages between trenches and across battlefields. They were trained to navigate through challenging terrain and dodge enemy fire.
• Sentry and Guard Dogs: Both World War I and World War II saw the use of dogs as sentries and guards. They were trained to detect intruders, alert their handlers, and attack if necessary.
• Search and Rescue: Dogs were employed during both world wars to locate wounded soldiers on the battlefield, aiding in search and rescue operations.
• Anti-Tank Dogs (WWII): In World War II, the Soviet Union used dogs strapped with explosives to target enemy tanks. However, the method proved unreliable, and the program was eventually discontinued.

Modern Era:

• Scout and Mine Detection Dogs: In more recent conflicts, such as the Vietnam War and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, dogs were used as scouts to detect ambushes and hidden enemy positions. They were also trained to detect mines and explosives, protecting troops from harm.
• Therapy and PTSD Dogs: Dogs have been utilized in more supportive roles, providing therapy and emotional support to soldiers suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other psychological challenges resulting from war.

It is important to note that while dogs have historically been used in war, their treatment and roles have evolved over time. Today, their involvement in conflict is subject to ethical considerations, and efforts are made to ensure their well-being and minimize harm.